語法 Grammar 11.1 -

第 11 課 - Bài 11

語法 Grammar 1

I. Completed Action with了

(1) is placed after verb (object) for indicating a completed action.

	S	(A/TW	V (0	了
1	他	已經	到	了。
	He has already arrived.
2	我們	昨天	見面	了。
	We have met yesterday.

1. 他已經去上課了。

2.我今天早上去看醫生了。

3.我跟弟弟都寫功課了。

(2)了 with Quantified Objects

In this pattern, there is a quantity before the object.

A. Single 7 (with quantified objects)

When using single T, it indicates the action was completed in the past.

S	A/TW	V	了	Nu-M	O
我	昨天	喝	了	兩杯	咖啡。
I drank two cups of coffee yesterday.

B. Double (with Quantified Objects)

When using double 7, it indicates the action has already been completed so far. It means that the action will probably continue.

S	A/TW	V	了	Nu-M	O	了
我	已經	喝	了	兩	咖啡	了。
I have already drunk two cups of coffee.

1. a.我上個禮拜學了十個中國字。

b.我已經學了四百多個中國字了。

2. a.爸爸上個月買了一輛新車。

b.爸爸已經買了一輛新車了,還想再買一輛。

3. a.他昨天晚上吃了兩個蘋果。

b.他很愛吃蘋果,已經吃了一個了,還想再吃。

II. Negated Action with 沒/還沒

(1) with negation marker 沒

A. 沒 is used to negate past actions.

S	沒	V(O)
他	沒	喝咖啡。
He didn’t drink coffee.

B. 沒(有)can be at the end of the sentence with for questioning.

S	VO	了	嗎/沒(有)?
你	吃早飯	了	嗎?
Did you have breakfast?
你	寫功課	了	沒(有)?
Did you do your homework?

1. A:他昨天來了嗎?

B:他昨天沒來。

2. A:他看書了沒有?

B:他沒看書。

3. A:爸爸喝咖啡了沒?

B:爸爸沒喝咖啡。

(2) with negation marker 還沒

It indicates that the action has not happened but it will probably happen.

S	還沒	V (0)
我	還沒	吃早飯。
I haven’t had breakfast yet.

1. A:老師要你看的書,你看了嗎?

B:還沒看,我這幾天很忙。

2. A:你今天去看醫生了,那你吃藥了沒有?

B:還沒吃,現在要吃了。

3. A:我們都還沒寫功課,他寫了沒?

B:我不知道,也許也還沒寫。

III. Emphasis with是………………的

是………………的can be used to describe or emphasize on when, where, who or how.是 is optional in a positive sentence, but it cannot be omitted in a negative sentence.

S	是	When/Where/Who/How	V(O	的
他們	是	哪天	回國	的?
他們	是	昨天	回國	的。
When did they go back to their countries?
It was yesterday they went back to their countries.
你	是	從哪裡	來	的?
我	是	從學校	來	的。
Where did you come from?
It was school where I came from.
你	是	跟誰去	買東西	的?
我	是	跟同學去	買(東西)	的。
Whom did you go shopping with?
It was my classmate whom I went shopping with.
你	是	怎麼	認識他	的?
我	是	上網	認識他	的。
How did you meet him?
It was through the internet that I met him.

1. A :他已經到學校了。

B:他是幾點到的?

A:他是三點三十分到的。

2. A:張先生來了。

B:他是開車來的嗎?

A:不是,他是走路來的。

3. A:你的中文說得真好,你是在哪裡學的?

B:我在台灣學的。

4. A:你知道她的手機號碼嗎?是誰告訴你的?

B:是她媽媽告訴我的。

5.他是昨天晚上到的,不是今天早上到的。